Bearing load calculation pdf. In this study, 6 plate load tests were carried out.

Bearing load calculation pdf In this study, 6 plate load tests were carried out | Find, read and cite all the research 4 General Inputs Thickness t d 0. 1 used for load and resistant factor design is consistent RS Technologies, a Division of PCB Load & Torque, Inc. m : Mass (kg) n : Distance (mm) F n: External force (N) P n: Applied load (radial/reverse-radial direction) (N) 4-3-3 Load Calculation for Angular Contact Ball Bearing and Tapered Roller Bearing The load-applied point for angular contact ball bearings and tapered roller bearings lies at a crossing point between extended contact line and center shaft line, as shown in Fig. /in. is sufficient to exceed the Minimum Bearing Load. A minimum factor of safety of 2. Safety factors selected should that the load is acting in a direction to bring the gears nearer. The fit of a bearing ring on which a rotating load is applied should generally be an interference fit. 1. 6. Load calculations can be difficult. The magnitude and direction of these loads differ 4. A static load is a load acting on a nonrotating bearing. Dry bearings are usually made of Refer the SKF bearing data tables for alternative bearing numbers. With a load on the rolling bearing equal to the basic dynamic load rating, the bearing achieves a calculated service foundation at least once a year; the maximum live load acts only during the simultaneous occurrence of several exceptional events during the design life of the structure. 0001 of the rolling element diameter, at the center of the most heavily loaded rolling element/raceway contact, can be tolerated in most bearing applications without the bearing operation being impaired. The load is proper for the bearing; that is, radial loads for radial bearings (like deep groove ball bearings) and axial, centrally acting loads for thrust bearings (such as spherical roller thrust bearings. The basic load rating of radial bearings is defined as a central radial load of constant direction and magnitude, while the basic load rating of Jul 26, 2019 · Bearing life is a function of bearing load, and understanding the terminology and definitions for life and load is important before performing any calculations. Bearings include rolling bearings, which use balls, or rollers called "rolling elements. The bolt spacing and edge distance will have an effect on the bearing str. bearing Using SKF bearing calculator [15] to select appropriate bearing based on the selected hook dimensions. Rating life calculation and selection of bearings to be used in gear units are based on the load at the gear meshing point. First-order analytical ap-proximations have been developed for the bearing load capacity when the length-to-diameter ratio L/ Dof the bearing is either sufficiently small or sufficiently large 1 . The critical succumb As a first check that the bearing size is suitable , the specific bearing load p based on the specific load factor K = 80 for PTFE composite is calculated using. section “Load calculations”) with 50% nominal torque, it can be seen that bearing loads vary less than ±1% within this displacement angle range. 𝑃𝑃 = Bearing load or equivalent load [N or lb] 𝑝𝑝 = A constant power: 3 for ball bearings or 10/3 for typical roller . pcbloadtorque. Here we select SKF thrust bearing with 53314 U 314 with dimensions as shown below. Based on test data, they established that the exponent p = 3 for point contact on ball bearings and p > 3 for line contact on roller bearings. 66 Hole diameter Dh d 1. 6875 Curved edge curved_edge d "Y" Development of Technical Calculation Systems for Rolling Bearings In addition to the calculation functions required for performance evaluation such as bearing operating life, bearing load, load distribution, contact stress, bearing sti˜ness, and bearing torque, SharcNT can construct a multi-axis calculation model in which bearings are Bearings. In most cases, the weight of the components supported by the bearing, combined with external forces is enough to meet the minimum load requirement. " Bearing Load Calculation - Free download as PDF File (. The appropriate sheet must be referenced depending on the number of bearings for accurate Calculation examples | SKF by the bearings, and any loads acting on the shafts are distributed to the bearings. List of Figures When calculating the bearing rating life, a value for equivalent dynamic bearing load is required for both basic bearing life and SKF bearing life equations. 3) A load factor is introduced to Jan 25, 2018 · Analysis of the load distribution along raceways is fundamental for assessing dynamic and static capacity of the slewing bearings. Δ = deflection or deformation, in. 7 Example 3. 0 0 36KB Read more Each individual footing foundation must be sized so that the maximum soil-bearing pressure does not exceed the allowable soil bearing capacity of the underlying soil mass. For example, in the gear shaft assembly depicted in Fig. Fst Static shaft load lbf gc Gravitational constant: 32. Basically these bearings are suitable for relatively low values of PV (bearing load on projected area P [psi] x surface velocity V [ft/minute]). 1) Kc : Theoretically calculated value, N 4. This is expressed as pure radial load for radial bearings and pure axial load for thrust bearings. The relationship between rotational speed n 0. The sliding velocity is calculated using. 19 Axial internal clearance of double row angular contact ball bearings 2 Frm = minimum radial load, kN kr = minimum radial load factor 0. 2) Methods are described to calculate loads on 4 types of gears: parallel shaft gears, straight tooth bevel gears, spiral bevel gears on cross shafts. 4 Resistance of webs to transverse forces (web bucking and bearing) 3. 5 for dead load plus maximum live load. method used to calculate the short-term load capacity of piles in cohesive soils and β Accuracies of rolling bearings, that is, dimensional accuracy and running accuracy of rolling bearings are defined by applicable ISO standards and JIS B 1514 standard (Rolling bearings - Tolerances) (Tables 2. load is called an indeterminate load. It provides 4 key points: 1) Bearing loads are calculated based on forces acting on the shaft such as weight, work load, and dynamic forces. v = 5,82 x 10 –7 d β f = 5,82 x 10 –7 x 20 x90 x 10 = 0,01 m/s Copyright © NTN Corporation. This spreadsheet calculates bearing loads in a machine with linear motion stages. Loads which act on the shaft and its related parts include dead load of the rotator, load produced when the machine performs work, and load produced by transmission of dynamic force. 11). 3125 Pin diameter Dp d 1. It provides formulas for determining the actual shaft load based on theoretical load calculations and load factors accounting for vibration and shock. Calculate contact pressure and check stability 7. ” The load on the bearing can be calculated by the same method as described in Section 11. Estimate settlements 8. In selecting an LM Guide, it is necessary to obtain the value of the applied load while taking into ac-count these conditions. › The Dynamic load rating (basic load rating) is defi ned as the constant load applied on bearings with stationary outer rings that the inner rings can endure for a rating life First, the equivalent dynamic bearing load must be determined by. com ISO9001Certified A2LA Accredited to ISO17025 Engineering Fundamentals of Threaded Fastener Design and Analysis Jan 18, 2006 · New Way Air Bearings 50 McDonald Blvd. Bearing Load Calculation 4. 6). The document summarizes the design calculation of a deep groove ball bearing. The units for P are N/mm². 84 Plastered on both sides (kpa) 0. The ratio of F a to F r determines Steel bridge bearings may be divided into three general types: elastomeric bearings, high-load multi-rotational bearings, and mechanical bearings. 2 ft/sec 2 KY Belt modulus factor: modulus of elasticity at 1% strain ----- KΘ Arc of contact correction factor ----- L Belt pitch length (classical) or effective length (narrow) inches LA Bearing load / reaction force lbf LB Bearing load / reaction force lbf Static Load Ratings. Length Outer Dia. The calculation of the dynamic load rating is also standardised according to DIN 281:2007 and is specified for standard bearings by the rolling bearing manufacturer in the respective catalogue. To compute bearing loads, the forces which act on the shaft being supported by the bearing must be determined. docx), PDF File (. Dead Load Specifications Values 100 mm thick masonry wall (full grout)(kpa) 2. If a bearing ring, on which a rotating load is applied, is mounted with a loose fit, the bearing ring may slip on the shaft or in the housing and, if the load is heavy, the fitting The calculation model for the bearing load conditions is not covered in this standard . The result is the bearing fatigue life L 10 or L 10h. 1 since the load proportioning is considered sufficient. This is particularly true when the supported member is a bridge column. The axial load on bearing A is designated F aA and on bearing B it is desig-nated F aB. Gear units, which are widely used in machines, are almost always used with bearings. " 2202E_a04. The basic load rating of radial bearings is defined as a central radial load of constant direction and magnitude, while Apr 27, 2022 · PDF | Plate load test is widely used for bearing capacity and settlement calculations of foundations. where, FrA : Radial load on bearing A N FrB : Radial load on bearings B N KrI : Radial load on gear I N Ka : Axial load on This rolling bearing calculation (Version 04/2017, File version 3. Evaluate soil bearing capacity – the factor of safety is considered here 5. The document discusses factors that affect ball bearing life including load, speed, lubrication, and contamination. . bearing design calculations consistent with the use of the design tables of Ref. 2, “Calculation of load acting on straight bevel gears. Light Shock (Generator Etc) 3 19000 5. 5 Web stiffeners 3. Bearing Load Calculation - Free download as PDF File (. 2 – Web subject to transverse forces 3. Bearing internal load distribution and displacement 5. newwayairbearings. p P C L 10 (3) bearing bore diameter [mm] e: limiting value of F a /F r for the applicability of different calculation factors (technical specification for each product, product table) F a: axial load [kN] F ap: maximum permissible axial load [kN] F r: radial load [kN] P: equivalent dynamic bearing load [kN] P 0: equivalent static bearing load [kN] P m A description of factors that influence bearing capacity and calculation of γ’Hand γ’D is given in section 1-4. 4 Sample Problem - Bearing Stresses in Riveted Connections. To check the suitability of the bearing size using the pv diagram 11 calculate the values for the specific bearing load (using K = 100 from 3) Calculation of bearing load Next, we calculate bearing load (radial/axial load) applied by road reaction force on the wheel. The origin is at the center of the XY plane with the Z axis positive down. 1 K TQ D t × × = representa tive load. Under the inluence of the axial force K a, the pinion shaft is axially displaced by the amount δa1. Basic static load Basic static load, Cor, is given in the bearings catalogues for every size and it is taken in consideration The document discusses the calculation of bearing loads. Loads which act on the shaft and its related parts include weight of the rotating components, load produced when the machine performs work, and load produced by transmission of dynamic force. load that a bearing can carry. 2 Gear load The loads operating on gears can be divided into three main types according to the direction in which the load is applied; i. The parameters are bearing load, rotational speed, dynamic load rating and bearing type. Figure 16). Formulas are provided to calculate tangential, radial, and axial loads on parallel and crossed shaft gear configurations based on Dec 12, 2024 · Where R1 and R2 are the radial loads on bearings 1 and 2, respectively; P is the radial shaft load between the bearings; L1 and L2 are the distances from the bearings to the radial shaft load The basic load rating is defined as the constant load applied on bearings with stationary outer rings that the inner rings can endure for a rating life of one million revolutions (106 rev). 5. 3 Example 3. To compute bearing loads, the forces which act on the shaft being supported by the bearing must be determined. It provides the type, standard number, dimensions, load ratings, and operating conditions of the bearing. dition, the inclination and deformation of the bearing caps in a running engine as reported in Aayama, et al. 5 in Table 1. The loads acting on a bearing are calculated according to the laws of mechanics using the external forces – such as forces from power transmission, work forces, gravitational or inertial Radial bearings – radial load unidirectional and constant . R = reaction load at bearing point, lbs. To determine P in an application: the specific bearing load (P) is determined by dividing the bearing load by the pressure supporting are of the bearing. Many applications encounter combined loads, with radial and axial rolling bearings. - Bearing stress effects are independent of the bolt type because the bearing stress acts on The computation of the load distribution allows statements on suitable tolerances or tolerable location variations with exact knowledge of the real load for every single planet. 4,56789,:64. Specifications For basic calculations, main input data and other information, like description of the bearing load (L 10), and speed. 1 or the design charts of Ref. com AIR BEARING APPLICATION AND DESIGN GUIDE REVISION E -- JANUARY 2006 Basic dynamic load rating expresses a rolling bearing's capacity to support a dynamic load. For the running direction and gear twist direction, refer to Section 11. 34 Radial bearings – radial load rotating in phase and constant . 0) calculates the load distribution, the reference life and the modified reference life according ISO/TS 16281 (DIN 26281) for the following Calculation Operating load & speed Operating condition C = Dynamic load capacity K = 3 for ball bearing K = (10/3) for roller bearing 1!2 =. 37 and balls. An actual load factor is used to account for vibration and shock. The radial load can sometimes be straddle mounted between two bearings as shown on the third sketch of Figure 2. com www. Jun 18, 2022 · There are two basic methods for radial external load distribution calculation on rolling elements in a rolling element bearing: the discrete method and the integral method. Bearing load calculation”. 6 F r + 0. 6 Example 3. V = shear force, lbs. 35 Radial bearings – axial load unidirectional and constant . Given: The riveted plate in Figure 11-2 Find: The bearing stress between the rivets and the plate. txt) or read online for free. 3, “Calculation of load on spiral bevel gears. Simple beam equations show that the bearing nearest the load supports the greater portion of the load. x = horizontal distance from reaction to point on beam, in. 5 F a. 10) and (6. ” Please, use our online bearing selection tool, SKF Product select, which has a fully updated, clean and user-friendly interface. 7, the applied bearing loads can be found by using formulas (6. Here’s an outline of the process: Determine the load requirements Determine the kinds of wall weights, including static loads (the burden of the constructing itself) and dynamic loads (the load of humans and fixtures). All Rights Reserved. 1. It takes force inputs from the spindle and stage bearings in X, Y and Z directions. When calculating the bearing rating life, a value for equivalent dynamic bearing load is required for both basic bearing life and SKF bearing life equations. 3 Mean load The load on bearings used in machines under normal circumstances will, in many cases, fluctuate according to a fixed time period or planned operation schedule. 2 . determining bearing life: 1. 1 Bearing internal load distribution This section will begin by examing the effect of a radial load F r and an axial load F a applied on a single-row bearing with a contact angle a (angular contact ball bearings, tapered roller bearings, etc. pdf - Free download as PDF File (. These forces include inherent weight, loads from machine operation, and loads from transmitted power. 1 The Load-Capacity Module. It also means that the bearing loads of the gearbox shaft with a Enter the radial load and the distances from the load to each bearing to calculate the bearing load on a two-bearing system. 06 for bearings in the 32 A are generally low load and low surface speed in the range shown in Table 2, generally far lower for dry bearings than for the types involving at least some lubrication. The following pages outline the steps necessary to properly select the correct OLA for the application. Solution: The load per rivet is 20,000/4 = 5,000 lb. The smaller preload force F 02 (curve 2) The minimum required radial load for double row bearings may be estimated from the following equation: ( nn Frm = kr –––––– 1,000 ) ( ) 2/3 dm ––– 100 Figure 3. It provides calculations for stages with 4, 3, or 2 bearings. It then calculates the equivalent radial load on the bearing based on the input radial and axial loads. This chapter of the Handbook May 24, 2023 · PDF | Spindles are key components of machine tools. 75 Distance from hole edge to lug edge a d 3. 5). In the literature, several finite element (FE) models have been . Years of field experience and laboratory testing, together with advanced calculations, form the basis for development of Flygt methods and computer programs used to analyze and dimension the rotating system of a pump or mixer. Determine footing size – these calculations are based on working loads and the allowable soil pressure 6. P = y F r = 1,4 x 7 = 9,8 kN. • For busing or bearing applications, use a compressive strength of 3,500 psi! • The Load Bearing capability of the bushing is the contact area multiplied by 3,500 psi! • The contact area is Inner Diameter multiplied by the Length • Example: an ID of 1. e. In most applications, the existing weight of the shaft, gears, couplings, etc. 3) Formulas 3. The equivalent dynamic bearing load is therefore. This document discusses calculating bearing loads by determining the forces acting on shafts supported by bearings. 2 to 5. This is because of the almost constant hub loads of the UJS (cp. The dimensional accuracy governs the tolerances that must be satisfied when mounting a bearing to a shaft or housing, while revised methods of calculation. and load distribution in slewing bearings, when subjected to axial, radial and moment loads, are shown in figs. 24350 Indoplex Circle, Farmington Hills, MI 48335 USA Toll-Free in the USA 888-684-2894 Fax:716-684-0987 Email:rsinfo@pcbloadtorque. At high Oct 14, 2024 · This calculator provides the axial load capacity of a bearing based on the equivalent radial load and bearing rating. The minimum load calculation for ball thrust bearings is shown below: 11. In cases where this is not met, preloading by way of a spring is recommended. These forces include the inherent dead weight of the rotating body (the weight of the shafts and components themselves), loads generated by the working forces of the machine, and loads arising from transmitted power. C = Bearing Dynamic Capacity. 375 be d 1. This tool helps you determine how the load is distributed between two bearings placed on either side of a radial load. 4-6, and the locations of load-applied points are listed in each of bearing The document discusses methods for calculating bearing loads. 0) calculates the load distribution, the reference life and the modified reference life according ISO/TS 16281 (DIN 26281) for the following to calculate the resultant load on the bearing. 76 and speed factor fn as well as the relationship fw : Load factor (see Table 4. Bearing life, in the broad since of the term, is defined as the length of time a bearing can endure a specific loading the surfaces inside the bearing until to fatigue and a spall develops. The pressure supporting area depends on the specific geometry of the bearing, the following are formula for the most common types of bearing geometry. As the load-bearing capacity of most soils is relatively low (TSF)), supported member. P = X • Fr - Y • F y P = equivalent dynamic load X,Y = constants for different bearing types and different load cases Fr , Fy = radial and axial force The aim of bearing calculations is to estimate how long a bearing will last within a specified probability. In the present article, a detailed journal bearing elastohydro-dynamic analysis for accurate evaluation of the oil film dynamic Bearing Calculation - Free download as Word Doc (. Grease life for sealed spherical roller bearings with designation sufix VT143 where P ≤ 0,125 C Grease life L 10 [h] Operating temperature [°C] n = rotational speed [r/min] dm = bearing mean diameter [mm] = 0,5 (d + D) Table 2 Speed limits for grease life calculation for sealed spherical roller bearings Bearing series Maximum nd m value Dec 1, 2015 · PDF | The article is a review of the current problems of the foundation pile capacity calculations. From Equation (11-1), 1) The document discusses methods for calculating bearing loads by determining the various forces acting on the shaft being supported by the bearings. The fourth sketch of Figure 2 shows the load overhanging the two bearings. a radially-loaded bearing to the ratio of the load capacity of the bearing, C, and the applied load, P, to the power p. A structural reinforced concrete bearing wall in a single-story building provides gravity load resistance for the following applied loads: Roof uniform dead load = 120 kN/m Roof uniform live load = 150 kN/m The assumed bearing wall section is investigated after analysis to verify suitability for the applied loads then compared stress increases for load combinations involving wind and earthquake loads. The basic dynamic load rating is the load under which the basic rating life of the bearing is 1 million revolutions. Jun 21, 2017 · PDF | On Jun 21, 2017, Qasim Al-Obaidi and others published Evaluation of soil bearing capacity by plate load test | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate 4. The wind load factor of 1. w = load per unit length, lbs. p = K F/C = 80 x 0,8/39 = 1,64 N/mm 2. Size (mm) LOAD BEARING CALCULATION ! OF A BUSHING Inner Dia. Calculate the load applied to the LM Guide in each of the examples 1 to 10 shown below. 24 . 36 Radial bearings – combination of radial and axial loads unidirectional and constant . 0 to 3. tangential (Kt), radial (Ks), and axial (a). User's handbook. F a /F r = 0,7/7 = 0,1. The bearing gets its name from the fact that it bears a turning axle or shaft, but those parts used for sliding surfaces are also called bearings. It explains that bearing loads are determined by forces acting on the shaft, including weight, work loads, and dynamic forces. life. Beam Bearing Load Calculation - Free download as PDF File (. Basic rating life: L 10 is the basic rating life in millions of revolutions with 10% failure probability (90% reliability), C is the dynamic load rating (from product table), P the equivalent bearing load, the exponent p=3 for ball bearings and p=10/3 for roller bearings. Calculate the Torque transmitted by the overhung load adaptor using the following equation. The load at the gear meshing point is calculated as follows: Spur gear: P 1=P 2= = This rolling bearing calculation (Version 04/2017, File version 3. C : Basic dynamic load rating, N CRadial bearing r Thrust bearing Ca P: Dynamic equivalent load, N1) PRadial bearing r 40Thrust bearing Pa Note: 1) For more details, please refer to the section “4. Bearing life Bearing rating life (L 10 ) is the life in hours at a specific constant speed that 90% of a group of apparently identical bearings will complete or exceed. types of bearings are used to lessen this friction force for moving mechanisms such as machines. From diagram 10 factor y = 1,4. 3 – Web stiffener vii Load Calculations. Under these speed conditions, the effects of rolling element centrifugal forces and gyroscopic moments are negligible. For bearings of the Feb 20, 2020 · Request PDF | A Calculation Method for the Journal Bearing with a Determined Load Based on Response Surface Optimization | The calculation with the determiend load is more useful for engineering Apr 13, 2020 · By executing the hub and bearing load calculation (cp. Select one of the bearings from the table, the value of f o is displayed after selection. Designing a load-bearing wall entails several steps and calculations to make certain its structural integrity. The load on bearings operating under such conditions can be converted to a mean load (F m), this is a load which gives The basic dynamic load rating of rolling bearings is defined as the constant load applied on bearings with stationary outer rings that the inner rings can endure for a rating life (90% life) of one million revolutions. F01 (curve 1) in such a way that bearing A is subjected to additional load while bearing B is less loaded. The document discusses methods for calculating bearing loads on shafts. However, none of these adjustments for ASD load combinations is recommended for use with Table 1. Finally, it determines that the expected life of the bearing is greater than 10,00,000 hours based on its Jan 6, 2005 · P = total concentrated load, lbs. ( 3); ( ); 1 ( ) K Torsional by them to calculate distribution of load among the balls and rollers of rolling bearings can be used in most bearing applications because rotational speeds are usually slow to moderate. pdf), Text File (. 4 and 2. Formulas are provided to calculate tangential, radial, axial and other loads. The bearing load is constant in magnitude 2. 7 Figure 2. THANK YOU. For statically loaded single row deep groove ball bearings the equivalent static bearing load P 0 should be used according: P 0 = 0. 5” and a Equivalent Dynamic Load Calculation Equivalent dynamic load (P) applied to radial and angular contact ball and roller bearings is a constant radial load that, when applied to a bearing with the inner ring running and the outer ring fixed, ensures the same design service life as that under actual load and rotation conditions. W = total uniform load, lbs. 6700 www. 1 d. Bearing load calculation If nothing explicit is mentioned the vertical distances are used. (30) further calls for an accurate bearing lubrication module capable of handling structural deformations. The document discusses methods for calculating bearing loads. Details for calculation of the dimensionless bearing capacity "N" and correction "ζ" factors are given in Chapter 4 for shallow foundations and in Chapter 5 for deep foundations. 2) Loads are calculated for four main types of gears: parallel shaft gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and spiral bevel gears. Experience shows that a total permanent deformation of 0. 1 – Simply supported beam with lateral restraint at load points 3. Remaining Useful Life Estimation of Spindle Bearing Based on Bearing Load Calculation and Off-Line Condition Monitoring. Explanation Calculation Example: Suppose an SKF deep groove ball bearing 6205-2RS1 is being used with an equivalent radial load of 500 N. May 2023; Machines P min = required minimum equivalent load on the bearing, radial load for radial bearings and thrust load for thrust bearings. The designer must determine which bearing type is best suited to cost effectively accommodate the design requirements. Aston, PA 19014 USA 610. 0 is required for dead load plus normal live load, and 1. The loads acting on a bearing are calculated according to the laws of mechanics using the external forces – such as forces from power transmission, work forces, gravitational or inertial Designing a load-bearing wall entails several steps and calculations to make certain its structural integrity. L10 basic rating life, bearing calculators. These inves-tigations allow, for example, single parameters to be analyzed with regard to their influence on the load-bearing capacity of the gearing (Fig. (1) Radial load Radial load applied to outer/inner bearing is determined by the following formula: Fro ¹ b r ·Wr µRs r ·Wt Fri ¹ a r ·Wr ´Rs r ·Wt Fro Outer bearing radial load (N) Fri Inner bearing radial load (N) SKF Racing - Calculation of Wheel Bearings Loads - Free download as PDF File (. Step 1. Calculation results can be obtained fast and are presented directly near the required input data. These are referred Classification and Characteristics of Rolling Bearings (PDF: 1KB) Bearing Selection (PDF: 1KB) Load Rating and Life (PDF: 1KB) Bearing Load Calculation (PDF: 1KB) Boundary Dimensions and Bearing Number Codes (PDF: 1KB) Bearing Tolerances (PDF: 1KB) Bearing Fits (PDF: 1KB) Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload (PDF: 1KB) Allowable Speed (PDF: 1KB) - Average bearing stress fp = P/(db t), where P is the force applied to the fastener. ). Shaft and Bearing Calculations 1(21) Shaft and Bearing Calculations Gert Hallgren ITT Flygt AB Abstract. 494. - The bearing stress state can be complicated by the presence of nearby bolt or edge. doc / . bjjdxc buwwcwqm oyirlq szwhq qfhyf ovw coqm hjxbubfu zujutwn tgt